Сервис в России и за рубежом, 2023, том 17, № 7 (109)

2023, Vol. 17. Iss. 7 (109)

СЕРВИС

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SERVICES

IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

В РОССИИ
И ЗА РУБЕЖОМ

ISSN 1995-042X
Сетевой научный журнал

Т. 17, No 7 (109)

2023

https://ruservices.rgutspubl.org

РЕДАКЦИЯ ЖУРНАЛА

Главный редактор:
Афанасьев О.Е. – Российский гос. ун-т туризма и 
сервиса (РФ, Москва), лауреат Государственной премии 
Украины в области образования, д.геогр.н., проф.

Редакционный совет:
Новикова Н.Г. – Российский гос. ун-т туризма и сервиса 
(РФ, 
Москва), 
первый 
проректор, 
д.э.н., 
проф.; 

Председатель Редакционного совета
Ананьева Т.Н. – Российский гос. ун-т туризма и сервиса 
(РФ, Москва), д.соц.н., проф.
Гладкий А.В. – Киевский нац. торгово-экономический 
ун-т (Украина, Киев), д.геогр.н., проф.
Неделиа А.-М. – Сучавский ун-т им. Штефана чел Маре 
(Румыния, Сучава), д-р философии (PhD), доц.
Пиментель Т.Д. – Федеральный университет Жуис-де-
Фора (Бразилия, Жуис-де-Фора), к.соц.н. (PhD), доц.
Погребова Е.С. – Российский гос. ун-т туризма и сервиса 
(РФ, Москва), к.э.н., доц.
Пулидо-Фернандес Х.И. – Ун-т Хаэна (Испания, Хаэн),
д-р философии (PhD), доц.
Фу Я.-И. – Индианский ун-т – Ун-т Пердью в Индиана-
полисе (США, Индианаполис), д-р философии (PhD), доц.

Редакционная коллегия: 
Бутова Т.Г. – Сибирский федеральный ун-т (РФ, Красноярск), 
д.э.н., проф.
Бушуева И.В. – Российский гос. ун-т туризма и сервиса 
(РФ, Москва), д.э.н., проф.
Василенко В.А. – Крымский федеральный университет 
имени В.И. Вернадского (РФ, Симферополь), д.э.н., проф.
Дышловой И.Н. – Крымский федеральный университет 
имени В.И. Вернадского (РФ, Симферополь), д.э.н., проф.
Кирилина В.М. – Петрозаводский гос. университет (РФ, 
Петрозаводск), к.б.н., доц.
Климова Т.Б. – Белгородский государственный нац.
исследовательский ун-т (РФ, Белгород), к.э.н., доцент
Кропинова Е.Г. – Балтийский федеральный ун-т им. 
И. Канта (РФ, Калининград), д.э.н., доц.
Морозов М.А. – Российский экономический ун-т им.
Г.В. Плеханова (РФ, Москва), д.э.н., проф.
Морозова Н.С.
–
Российский новый университет 

(РФ, Москва), д.э.н., доц.
Оборин М.С. – Российский экономический ун-т им. Г.В.
Плеханова, Пермский филиал (РФ, Пермь), д.э.н., проф.
Трухачев А.В. – Ставропольский гос. аграрный ун-т 
(РФ, Ставрополь), д.э.н., проф.
Харитонова Т.В. – Финансовый ун-т при Правительстве 
Российской Федерации (РФ, Москва), к.э.н., доц.
Якименко М.В. – Южный федеральный ун-т (РФ, 
Ростов-на-Дону), к.э.н. доц.

Ответственный секретарь:
Афанасьева А.В. – Российский гос. ун-т туризма и 
сервиса (РФ, Москва), к.геогр.н., доц.

EDITORS

Editor-in-Chief:
Oleg E. Afanasiev – Russian State University of Tourism
and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Geography, 
Professor, Laureate of the Education State Prize of Ukraine

Editorial Council:
Natalia G. Novikova – Russian State University of Tourism 
and Service (RF, Moscow), First Vice Rector, PhD (Dr.Sc.) 
in Economics, Prof.; Chairman of Ed. Council
Tatiana N. Ananyeva – Russian State University of Tourism 
and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Sociology, Prof.
Alexander V. Gladkey – Kyiv National University of Trade and
Economics (Ukraine, Kyiv), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Geography, Prof.
Alexandru-M. Nedelea – Stefan cel Mare University of 
Suceava (Romania, Suceava), PhD in Marketing, Assoc. Prof.
Thiago D. Pimentel – Federal University of Juiz de Fora 
(Brazil, Juiz de For a), PhD in Social Sciences, Assoc. Prof.
Elena S. Pogrebova – Russian State University of Tourism 
and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD in Economics, Assoc. Prof.
Juan I. Pulido-Fernandez – University of Jaen (Spain, Jaen),
PhD in Economics, Assoc. Prof.
Yao-Yi Fu – Indiana University – Purdue University Indiana-
polis (USA, Indianapolis), PhD in HRIM, Assoc. Prof.

Editorial Board:
Tatiana G. Butova – Siberian Federal University (RF, Krasno-
yarsk), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Irina V. Bushueva – Russian State University of Tourism 
and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Valentin A. Vasilenko – V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal
University (RF, Simferopol), PhD (Dr. Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Igor N. Dyshlovoj – V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal
University (RF, Simferopol), PhD (Dr. Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Valentina M. Kirilina – Petrozavodsk State University (RF, 
Petrozavodsk), PhD in Biology, Assoc. Prof.
Tatiana B. Klimova – Belgorod State National Research 
University (RF, Belgorod), PhD in Economics, Assoc. Prof.
Elena G. Kropinova – Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal 
University (RF, Kaliningrad), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Mikhail A. Morozov – Plekhanov University of Economics
(RF, Moscow), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Natalia S. Morozova – Russian New University (RF, Moscow), 
PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Matvey S. Oborin – Perm Institute of Plekhanov University of 
Economics (RF, Perm), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Aleksandr V. Trukhachev – Stavropol State Agrarian 
University (RF, Stavropol), PhD (Dr.Sc.) in Economics, Prof.
Tatiana V. Kharitonova – Financial University (RF, Moscow),
PhD in Economics, Assoc. Prof.
Marianna V. Yakimenko – Southern Federal University (RF, 
Rostov-on-Don), PhD in Economics, Assoc. Prof.

Executive Secretary:
Alexandra V. Afanasieva – Russian State University of Tourism
and Service (RF, Moscow), PhD in Geography, Assoc. Prof.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ЭКОНОМИКИ И ТУРИСТСКОГО СЕРВИСА

Мишулина С.И. Модель циркулярной экономики туризма
Орлов С.П. Эволюция научных представлений о территориальной организации 
туристско-рекреационной деятельности в трудах отечественных исследователей
Суслова Ю.Ю., Терещенко Н.Н., Веремеенко О.С., Волошин А.В. Сервис в торговле: 
теоретико-методологический подход

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА В СФЕРЕ УСЛУГ 
.

Мирошниченко П.Н., Игошева М.А., Болотбиева Р.Х. Туристское образование 
в контексте глобализации (по материалам зарубежных источников)
Фролова Е.А. Факторы развития российского рынка гостиничных услуг 
в условиях внешнеполитических ограничений

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО, МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОГО 
И КОРПОРАТИВНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В СФЕРЕ УСЛУГ                                                                .

Гварлиани Т.Е., Ветитнев А.М. К вопросу о повышении эффективности 
санаторно-курортных услуг
Дорофеев А.А., Паршикова М.И. К дискуссии о количестве экотуристов в России
Сарченко В.И., Хиревич С.А., Категорская Т.П. Развитие сферы услуг 
как фактор обеспечения устойчивого развития урбанизированных территорий

МАРКЕТИНГ УСЛУГ И ТЕРРИТОРИЙ                                                                                               .

Грачева Е.В. Анализ сектора промышленного туризма в рамках использования 
кластерного подхода к развитию регионов Российской Федерации 
(на примере туристско-рекреационного кластера «Тульский»)
Иволга А.Г., Лисова О.М., Павленко И.Г. Внутренний туризм и туристские ресурсы 
Ставропольского края: потенциал, ключевые сегменты, перспективные страты
Оборин М.С. Особенности развития лечебно-оздоровительного туризма 
и санаторно-курортного комплекса Приволжского федерального округа
Сизенева Л.А. Водно-моторный туризм в г. Волгограде: сущность, особенности 
и актуальные проблемы развития

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ОТРАСЛЕЙ, КОМПЛЕКСОВ, 
ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ СФЕРЫ УСЛУГ                                                                        .

Балабейкина О.А., Султаева Н.Л., Янковская А.А. Услуга питания в системе 
функционирования дестинаций туризма религиозной направленности
Бронникова Е.М., Виноградова М.В., Кулямина О.С. Оценка уровня удовлетворённости 
населения условиями для занятий физической культурой и спортом
Беляковский Б.Ю., Никольская Е.Ю., Успенская М.Е., Крамарова Т.Ю. Дизайн 
функциональных зон в туристских комплексах: базовые принципы и тренды
Кепа Ю.Н., Чурилина И.Н., Галкин Д.В. Инновационные подходы в дизайне 
гостиничных предприятий (на примере «сервисного ландшафта» 
пространства лобби)
Лесников А.И., Котова Т.П. Современная модель бизнес-экосистемы 
в условиях придорожной инфраструктуры региона
Сарченко В.И., Категорская Т.П. Методические подходы к оценке качества 
сервисных услуг в сфере высшего образования

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Т. 17, No 7 (109)

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В РОССИИ
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СЕРВИС

CONTENT

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMICS AND TOURIST SERVICE

Mishulina S. I. Circular tourism concept model
Arlou S. P. The evolution of scientific ideas about the territorial organization 
of tourism and recreational activities in the works of domestic researchers
Suslova Yu. Yu., Tereshchenko N. N., Veremeenko O. S., Voloshin A. V. Service in trade: 
theoretical and methodological approach

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SERVICES SECTOR: CURRENT ISSUES
.

Miroshnichenko P. N., Igosheva M. A., Bolotbieva R. H. Tourism education 
in globalization (based on foreign sources)
Frolova E. A. Drivers of the hotel services Russian market 
under the foreign policy restrictions

STATE, MUNICIPAL AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 
IN SERVICES SECTOR: CURRENT ISSUES                   

Gvarliani T. E., Vetitnev A. M. On improving the efficiency of sanatorium services
Dorofeev A. A., Parshikova M. I. On the number of ecotourists in Russia
Sarchenko V. I., Khirevich S. A., Kategorskaya T. P. Service sector in ensuring 
sustainable development of urbanized territories

MARKETING OF SERVICES AND TERRITORIES                    

Gracheva E. V. An analysis of industrial tourism through cluster approach to developing
the Russian regions (the case of the tourist and recreational cluster "Tulsky")
Ivolga A. G., Lisova O. M., Pavlenko I. G. Domestic tourism and tourist resources 
of the Stavropol Krai: potential, key segments, and prospective niches
Oborin M. S. Development features of medical and health tourism 
and sanatorium complex of the Volga Federal District
Sizeneva L. A. Water-motor tourism in Volgograd: The essence, features 
and current development problems

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DEVELOPING INDUSTRIES, COMPLEXES,
BUSINESSES AND ORGANIZATIONS OF SERVICES SECTOR                  

Balabeikina O. A., Sultaeva N. L., Yankovskaya A. A. Catering service 
in the religious tourism facility system
Bronnikova E. M., Vinogradova M. V., Kulyamina O. S. Assessing the people’s 
satisfaction with the conditions for physical culture and sports
Belyakovsky B. Yu., Nikolskaya E. Yu., Uspenskaya M. E., Kramarova T. Yu. Designing 
functional zones in tourist complexes: The basic principles and trends
Kepa Yu. N., Churilina I. N., Galkin D. V. Innovative approaches in the designing hotels: 
The case of service landscape of lobbies
Lesnikov A. I., Kotova T. P. The modern business ecosystem model
in roadside infrastructure of the region
Sarchenko V. I., Kategorskaya T. P. Methodological approaches to assessing 
the quality of services in higher education

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INTERPRETER: Alexandra V. Afanasieva, PhD in Geography, Assoc. Prof.
The cover photo: © Mira Kemppainen, 2017, & unsplash.com, 2023

Vol. 17. Iss. 7 (109)
2023

IN  RUSSIA
AND ABROAD
SERVICES

НАУЧНЫЙ
ЖУРНАЛ

СЕТЕВОЙ

Mishulina S. I. 
Circular tourism concept model

UDC 338.48-6:502/504
EDN: BJGBUT

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10560894

Svetlana I. MISHULINA

Federal Research Center the Subtropical Scientific Center

of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Sochi, Krasnodar Territory, Russia)

PhD in Economics; e-mail: MISHulSV@yandex.ru

CIRCULAR TOURISM CONCEPT MODEL

Abstract. The research is aimed at developing a concept model for the circular economy in tou-
rism based on the analysis of domestic and foreign studies on the circular economy principles' 
adoption issues and existing practices for their implementation in business processes of tourist 
sector participants. The proposed model is a systematic approach to circular tourism (CT) treated 
as an organic part of nature ecosystem and a structural element of regional and national circular 
economy. The nature-like, closed-loop, circular relationships between the system elements are 
ensured by long-term circular chains of the tourist product creation, where every participant is 
considered (in addition to its main function in the chain) as a producer of value-based multidi-
mensional benefits. The main principle of intra-sectoral and inter-sectoral interaction is to in-
crease the socio-ecological and economic value of initial inputs throughout the entire life cycle 
of complex tourist product through the introduction of eco-innovations and business models that 
meet the principles of circular framework and ensure diversification and multiple effective appli-
cation as initial resources and manufactured products, minimizing all forms and types of unpro-
ductive waste. The condition for the system setup and effective functioning is the presence of 
developed circular infrastructure, institutions, and management. The scientific novelty and prac-
tical significance of the study are determined by the initial stage of circular tourism concept cre-
ation and consists in the development of circular tourism concept model, which is necessary to 
understand the functioning principles of the circular economy in tourism, the formation of circu-
lar strategies at all levels, the identification of triggers and barriers throughout the entire chain 
of the tourist product creation and consumption, determining the mechanisms for building closed 
intra-sectoral and inter-sectoral chains both at the cluster level and at the destinations level.

Keywords: tourism, closed-loop economy, circular economy in tourism, circular tourism concept 
model

Acknowledgments: The study was funded by the state assignment research of FRC SSC RAS 
FGRW-2022-0001, project No. 122041900105-5

Citation: Mishulina, S. I. (2023). Circular tourism concept model. Servis v Rossii i za rubezhom [Services in 
Russia and Abroad], 17(7), 5–18. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10560894. 

Article History
Received 22 September 2023
Accepted 20 December 2023

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest 
was reported by the author(s).

© 2023 the Author(s) 
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). 
To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ  АСПЕКТЫ 
ЭКОНОМИКИ  И  ТУРИСТСКОГО  СЕРВИСА
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMICS AND TOURIST SERVICE

В РОССИИ

И ЗА РУБЕЖОМ
СЕРВИС

Т. 17, No. 7 (109)

2023

УДК 338.48-6:502/504    
EDN: BJGBUT

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10560894

МИШУЛИНА Светлана Ивановна

Федеральный исследовательский центр «Субтропический научный центр

Российской академии наук» (Сочи, Краснодарский край, РФ)
кандидат экономических наук; e-mail: MISHulSV@yandex.ru

МОДЕЛЬ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ ТУРИЗМА

Цель работы – разработка концепт-модели циркулярной экономики туризма на основе 
анализа отечественных и зарубежных исследований проблем внедрения принципов циркулярной 
экономики и существующих практик их реализации в бизнес–процессах субъектов 
туристского сектора экономики. Предлагаемая модель представляет собой системный 
подход к пониманию циркулярного туризма (ЦТ) как органичной части природной 
экосистемы и структурного элемента региональной и национальной циркулярной 
экономики. Природоподобный, замкнутый, циркулярный характер взаимосвязей между 
элементами системы обеспечивается выстраиванием на долгосрочной основе круговых 
цепочек создания туристского продукта, в которых каждый участник рассматривается (
помимо основной его функции в цепочке) как производитель совокупности многомерных 
выгод, каждая из которых обладает ценностью. Основным принципом 
внутри секторального и меж секторального взаимодействия является наращивание 
социо-эколого-экономической ценности исходных факторов производства в течение 
всего жизненного цикла комплексного туристского продукта за счёт внедрения экоин-
новаций и бизнес-моделей, отвечающих принципам циркулярного фреймворка и обеспечивающих 
диверсификацию и многократное эффективное использование как исходных 
ресурсов, так и произведённых продуктов, минимизацию всех форм и видов непродуктивных 
отходов. Условием формирования и эффективного функционирования системы 
является наличие развитых циркулярных инфраструктуры, институтов и управления. 
Научная новизна и практическая значимость исследования определяются начальной 
стадией формирования концепции циркулярного туризма и состоит в разработке концепт-
модели циркулярного туризма, необходимой для понимания принципов функционирования 
экономики замкнутого цикла в туризме, формирования циркулярных стратегий 
всех уровней, выявления триггеров и барьеров по всей цепочке создания и потребления 
туристского продукта, определения механизмов построения замкнутых внутри 
секторальных и меж секторальных цепочек как на уровне кластеров, так и на уровне 
дестинаций.

Ключевые слова: туризм, экономика замкнутого цикла, циркулярная экономика туризма, 
концепт-модель циркулярного туризма

Публикация подготовлена в рамках реализации государственного задания ФИЦ СНЦ РАН 
FGRW-2022-0001, № госрегистрации 122041900105-5.

Для цитирования: Мишулина С.И. Модель циркулярной экономики туризма // Сервис в России и за 
рубежом. 2023. Т.17. №7. С. 5–18. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10560894.

Дата поступления в редакцию: 22 сентября 2023 г.
Дата утверждения в печать: 20 декабря 2023 г.

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Mishulina S. I. 
Circular tourism concept model

Introduction

Environmental issues aggravation mani-

fested in a significant decrease in the quality of 
natural environment, pollution and degradation 
of almost all ecosystems elements and, as a result, 
an increase in the risks of environmentally caused 
threats to human health and life, loss of biodiver-
sity and depletion of economic development re-
source base, climate change that lead to the 
growth of dangerous natural phenomena and 
processes, the need to adapt to fundamentally 
different living conditions determined the rele-
vance of abandoning the traditional economy 
model and searching for a new development par-
adigm that ensures harmonization of relations be-
tween humans and natural environment. 

Despite the growing attention to environ-

mental issues, the effectiveness of measures 
taken to solve them remains low, which is ex-
plained by a number of reasons:

• CE principles are not integrated into politi-

cal decisions, legislation, tax system and 
population consciousness [14];

• sustainable development goals (UN SDGs) 

are poorly integrated into regional and mu-
nicipal socio-economic development strate-
gies [4];

• projects for the transition to the green econ-

omy principles implemented in the regions 
are limited and not coordinated [5, p. 1114];

• environmental issues are reviewed apart 

from production and consumption pro-
cesses, as a result, there is no response to 
the causes as only the consequences are 
eliminated;

• linear logic of interaction between economy 

and natural environment is preserved both 
in production and consumption processes 

1 Росприроднадзор: в России за 2021 год накопилось 8,5 млрд тонн отходов [Rospripodnadzor: during 2021 about 8.5 

bln tons of waste accumulated in Russia] // РИА Новости [RIA News], 18.07.2022. URL: https://ria.ru/20220718/otkhody-
1803287582.html

2 Краснодарский край в цифрах. 2020 [Krasnodar Territory in numberes. 2020]: Statistics digest. Krasnodar: Krasnodarstat,

2021. 274 p.

3 Чистый город-курорт. Сочи приближается к европейским технологиям переработки ТКО [Clean resort city. Sochi ap-

proaches
European
technologies
on
SMW
recycling]. March
18, 2020. URL: https://www.kuban.kp.ru/daily/

27106.4/4180321

4 National and foreign publications on the circular economy issues have a wide range of terms used to denote it (circular 

and in management systems: resources → 
manfacture → distribution → consumption 
→ waste;

• excessive consumption coupled with low ef-

ficiency of resource use leads to the deple-
tion of the economy resource base, accom-
panied by a cascade of waste and pollution 
that destroy the natural ecosystems of the 
planet.
According to the Rosprirodnadzor, 53 billion 

tons of industrial and domestic waste were accu-
mulated in the regions of Russia by the end of 
2021. 8.5 billion tons were produced within 2021. 
Of these, 4-5% were processed and 75% went to 
landfill1. According to 2019 estimates, the total 
area landfills in the Russian Federation amounted 
to 4 million hectares [6], which exceeds the area 
of 65 countries. Comparative analysis of produc-
tion and consumption wastes generation dynam-
ics, recycling and neutralization and the GDP dy-
namics in the Russian Federation for 2010-2018 in-
dicates absence of the decoupling effect and the 
accelerated growth of waste [3]. 

In the Krasnodar Territory, a tourist region, 

the cost of waste management has increased 
from 6410.5 million rubles in 2015 to 10310.0 mil-
lion rubles in 20202 . In the resort city of Sochi, 600 
million tons of waste are taken to the landfill in 
Belorechensk during off-season, and in summer 
the waste volumes double, reaching 1200 million 
tons, 3that reflects the role of tourism in waste ac-
cumulation.

Immediacy of the problem determines the 

need for a transition to an alternative linear and 
nature-like model of the closed-loop economy 
(hereinafter referred to as the Circular economy, 
CE)4, in which, ideally, the waste of some manu-
facturing facilities serve as resources for others, 

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thus reducing the volumes of resources with-
drawn from natural environment and the volume 
of production and consumption wastes going to 
ecosystems.

The significance of the travel industry direct 

and induced impact on the economy, the role as-
signed to tourism in the socio-economic develop-
ment of the constituent entities of the Russian 
Federation and the proven scale of negative envi-
ronmental and social externalities of its function-
ing determine the relevance of developing an in-
novative environmentally and socially oriented 
model of its development, the search for which 
led to the formation and development concepts 
of sustainable tourism, ecotourism, green tourism 
and circular tourism.

The factors that determine the relevance of 

the circular economy concept development and 
implementation in tourism include:

• the scale of its influence on natural environ-

ment and climate change [9, p. 2-3 of 35]. 
Tourism is currently responsible for 4.5 Gt 
of CO2-e per year5. Calculations show that 
the carbon multiplier in tourism is higher 
than in global manufacture [12]. The aver-
age carbon footprint of a tourist in Barce-
lona, for example, is 111.6 kg of CO2-e per 
day, which is much higher than for a local 
resident – 5.8 kg of CO2-e [19, p.2 of 16]. 
Travel industry recovery pace after the 
downturn caused by COVID-19, the expan-
sion of domestic tourism geography and 
scale give no grounds for optimistic expec-
tations on reductions in the tourism nega-
tive impact on natural environment. Tou-
rism emissions are forecasted to grow by at 
least 25% by 2030 compared to 20165;

• aggravation of resource constraints: the 

joint UNEP/WTO report on green economy 
forecasts an increase in energy consump-

economy, closed-loop economy, circled, regenerative, cyclical, etc.). We should agree with S.N. Bobylev that the essence 
of the new paradigm is more consistent with the term “closed-loop economy” [3] but shortened “circular economy” is used 
more often. Both terms are synonyms in the current study.

5 Draft document for the Nineth Ministers Conference "Environment for Europe": Applying circular economy principles to 

sustainable tourism 05.10.21. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/
circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits (Accessed on October 01, 2022).

tion in tourism by 154%, water – by 152%, 
an increase in greenhouse gas emissions by 
131% and municipal solid waste disposal by 
251% by 2050 while maintaining the linear 
development model [18]; 

• a high level of resources irrational consump-

tion and waste production, determined 
both by the hedonistic perception of travel –
unwillingness to abandon the usual con-
sumption levels, and low efficiency of tech-
nologies for a tourist product production. 
For example, tourism, competing in the use 
of water resources with agriculture and a 
number of other industries, makes a serious 
contribution to the aggravation of water 
supply issue, especially in regions experi-
encing water shortages. Water consump-
tion, according to some sources, can vary 
from 80 to 2000 l/day per tourist [15, p. 14]. 
Food losses in the hospitality industry 
amount to approximately $100 million an-
nually [7]. Coastal tourism is recognized as 
one of the three main sources of marine lit-
ter and threats to the ecological well-being 
of water facilities; 

• environmental transformation of tourists 

needs and behavior patterns [16; 17]: 
growth in demand for all types of nature 
tourism, including eco-tourism in specially 
protected natural areas (SPNA); increased 
attention to the environmental friendliness 
of the tourist product and healthy lifestyle 
issues; the formation of demand among 
tourists to acquire new experience of partic-
ipating in circular practices [22]; 

• aggravation of social problems in the host 

community because of disproportionate in-
crease in the pressure on biodiversity, natu-
ral, historical, and cultural heritage, public 
spaces, 
and 
the 
resource 
base 
of 

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Circular tourism concept model

destinations. Transforming places for living 
into places for consumption [11].
In circumstances when tourism is becoming 

an industry of economic specialization in 74 re-
gions of Russia6, there are activities to form and 
implement strategies for domestic tourism deve-
lopment, the issues of environmentally safe and 
effective tourism potential development under 
the principles of circular economy are of particu-
lar relevance. The way these issues are reflected 
in the adopted strategies and linked with other as-
pects of regional socio-economic development 
determines the possibility to achieve sustainable 
development goals (SD) of regions and the com-
petitiveness of regional and national tourism 
products in the long term. 

Forming development strategies under the 

circular economy principles implies deep under-
standing of the region's circular economy func-
tioning logics and the tourism place in circular 
chains increasing the gross regional product 
value, which determines the importance for de-
veloping the circular tourism theory and practice.

The research is aimed at developing a con-

ceptual model of circular tourism based on a 
closed-loop economy concept analysis and its ap-
plicability in tourism as a tool for environmental 
modernization of a tourist product production 
and consumption processes and ensuring the sus-
tainable development of domestic tourism and 
regions that enlarge tourism specialization.

Data and methodology

The research theoretical background in-

cludes national and foreign scientific papers on 
the issues of closed-loop economy (circular econ-
omy) concept development and its application in 
tourism. The research data background is com-
posed of analytical and statistical reports of inter-
national tourist and nature protection institu-
tions, governmental and nongovernmental enti-
ties, including the analysis of tourist market enti-
ties activities in implementing the circular eco-
nomy principles. Standard methods of scientific 

6 The Russian Federation spatial development strategy for the period till 2025 defines tourism as an industry of economic 

specialization for 74 of 85 RF regions (as of June 25, 2022). URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/552378463

analysis and synthesis, statistical and comparative 
analysis, methods for identifying cause-and-effect 
relationships, as well as content analysis of scien-
tometric databases were applied during the re-
search. 

A systematic approach to circular tourism 

treated as an organic part of nature ecosystem 
and a structural element of regional and national 
circular economy was used for structuring the 
model. The tourist sector of regional economy 
was divided into four basic elements, each repre-
senting a set of market entities – participants in 
the process of a complex tourism product produc-
tion and consumption: 

• suppliers – participants in the chain of a 

tourist product creation, who are external 
to the tourist sector manufactures of goods 
and services that form an integral part of 
the final tourist product (enterprises in such 
sectors of regional economy as construc-
tion, transport, agriculture, furniture and 
textile industries, financial and IT sectors 
and many others insofar as they are in-
volved in the process of creating the final 
tourist product value (including National 
parks, reservations and other specially pro-
tected areas; forest and water facilities with 
tourist attractiveness);

• production – a set of companies engaged in 

the production and provision of tourist ser-
vices and products, including such key sec-
tors as tour operator activities, aggregators, 
accommodation, catering, organization of 
leisure and entertainment, health and SPA 
centers, tourist transport;

• consumption – a set of tourist’s activities, 

including the processes of selection, ar-
rangement and consumption of tourist 
products and services and, due to the cha-
racteristics of a tourist product production 
and consumption processes, coinciding with 
production processes in space and time, 
and, therefore, requiring the inclusion of a 

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consumer (tourist)) into circular processes 
implemented both within tourist companies 
and throughout the entire value chain of the 
tourist product; 

• circular infrastructure (CI) is an element of 

the CT system that unites not only the tradi-
tional set of energy and engineering infra-
structure facilities, including enterprises for 
waste collecting, sorting and processing, 
but also a network of companies that en-
sure reverse flow of resources, products 
and materials for the purpose of technical 
maintenance, repair, reuse, reconstruction, 
remanufacturing, recycling, regeneration of 
natural systems. 
The nature-like, closed-loop, circular rela-

tionships between the system elements are en-
sured by long-term circular chains of value crea-
tion, where every participant is considered (in ad-
dition to its main function in the chain) as a pro-
ducer7 of marketable multidimensional benefits 
with value. 

The main principle of intra-sectoral and in-

ter-sectoral interaction is to increase the socio-
ecological and economic value of initial inputs 
throughout the entire life cycle of complex tourist 
product (LCTP) through the introduction of eco-
innovations and circular business models (CBM) 
that meet the principles of circular framework 
and ensure diversification and multiple effective 
application as initial resources and manufactured 
products, minimizing all forms and types of un-
productive waste.

Theory

Despite the place of tourism in the global 

economy, its role in aggravating environmental, 
economic, and social problems and recognition as 
a trigger for transformations of the global eco-
nomic system (due to the multiplier effect it gen-
erates) at the official international level, unfortu-
nately there is no adequate reflection a circular 
economy concept development in tourism re-
search [21].

7 A responsible manufacturer in this context is understood as a manufacturer who builds its internal activities and relation-

ships with partners under the circular economy principles.

Studies to determine the essence of CE in 

tourism, adapt the concept to the production and 
consumption features of tourist product, and the 
applicability of the CE principles in the practical 
activities of enterprises in the tourism are ex-
tremely limited. This is evidenced by the content 
analysis of the WoS and Scopus databases per-
formed by Vargas-Sánchez A. [24] using the key-
words “circular economy" and "tourism”, “tou-
rism circular economy”, “circular tourism”, and the
content analysis of the RSCI scientometric data-
base conducted by the author of the current re-
search. For the query “circular economy + tou-
rism” (in title, abstract, keywords and full text) as 
of 20.10.22, the system returned “0” results. The 
query “Circular economy in tourism” returned 
470 publications, further analysis of which al-
lowed to select only 7 that are not directly related 
to circular tourism but mention it in the course of 
analyzing sustainable tourism development is-
sues.

A surge of interest in the CT concept was ob-

served within the period from 2016 to 2019. How-
ever, studies of scientometric databases indicate 
that there are much less articles in English on CT 
published between 2009 and 2020 than publica-
tions on CE [21].

According to researchers, circular tourism 

development issues have not yet been adequately 
reflected in the documents of international or-
ganizations: they are not mentioned in reporting, 
for example, in the WTO report “Hotels 2020”, 
and are not included in strategic documents, such 
as the book “2050 – Tomorrow’s Tourism”, alt-
hough the concept of SD is recognized as a key 
concept for the future [24, p. 5]. 

At the same time, there are international 

and national organizations that are actively pro-
moting the idea of introducing the CE principles in 
tourism. The CEnTOUR project, the goal of which 
is to support SMEs in the transition to circular 
business, is implemented within the framework of 
the EU Program for improving the competi-

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Mishulina S. I. 
Circular tourism concept model

tiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) 
in the tourist sector. Another example is the 
South Baltic innovation project CIRTOINNO, 
aimed at increasing the innovativeness of SMEs in 
the tourist sector by supporting the integration of 
CE elements into their services, products, and 
business models [13].

Lack of theoretical publications on the circu-

lar economy in tourism [10; 11; 20; 24], leads to a 
lack of general understanding of circular tourism 
concept, prevents the formation of a conceptual 
framework, proven theory, and measurement 
methods, and limits the possibilities of its forma-
lization and practical application [14].

Foreign publications usually have no defini-

tions of CT. Definitions proposed in publications 
on CE in industry are used, including definitions 
from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation8, which do 
not consider specifics of the tourist sector.

One of the few scientific papers containing 

a definition of circular tourism used by other au-
thors is an article by L. Girard and F. Nocca, pub-
lished in 2017. The authors give a rather figurative 
definition, which, in our opinion, reflects the es-
sence of the category under study: “circular tour-
ism - a model capable of creating a virtuous circle9

of goods and services production, eliminating the 
waste of the limited natural resources (raw mate-
rials, water and energy) and thereby limiting the 
impact on the environment, and in which tourism 
entities (traveler, host, tour operator, supplier) 
adhere to joint environmentally friendly and re-
sponsible approach" [11, p. 69].

Another definition is proposed by Florido C., 

Payeras M., Jacob M. in 2019, and includes the 
search for transition ways to the principles of a 
circular economy in the accommodation sector. In 
accordance with the research purpose, the au-
thors analyze circular practices implemented in 
Spanish hotels, with reference to Manniche, J. 
study, and propose to consider the circular 

8 Finding a common language — the circular economy glossary. Allen MacArthur Foundation official website. URL: Finding a 

common language — the circular economy glossary (ellenmacarthurfoundation.org)] (Accessed on November 04, 2022).

9 A “virtuous circle” is understood as a complex chain of events that are reinforced through a feedback loop.
10 Circles means nutrition, management, communications, etc., built on the principles of circularity and ensuring the closure 

of resources and products chains.

accommodation sector “as a sector of intercon-
nected and more or less closed circular flows of 
resources, products and services between activi-
ties and sectors: circular construction, circular 
renovation, circular catering, circular manage-
ment and circular interaction with guests)10” [10, 
p.8 of 16]. 

This approach is quite applicable to the en-

tire tourism sector, and expanding the framework 
of interaction between sectors and activities will 
ensure circular tourism compliance with the the-
sis that CE is an economy of diverse types of eco-
nomic activities, cities and industrial systems sy-
nergy and symbiosis [11, p. 67].

Based on the above thesis and taking into 

account the fact that tourism cannot exist outside 
the socio-ecological-economic system, CT should, 
in our opinion, be considered as an organic part 
or subsystem of circular economy, which is a set 
of closed circles within sectoral and inter-sectoral 
chains of resources, goods and services built un-
der the principles of non-renewable resources use 
reduction, increasing the efficiency of use and ex-
tending the life cycle of all resources and products 
types, in order to meet tourism needs while main-
taining favorable living conditions for current and 
future generations. 

The lack of theoretical research together 

with expanding introduction of the circularity 
principles forces the authors to move from ana-
lyzing the practical activities of tourist companies 
in the field of CE to the synthesis of a conceptual 
superstructure for the purpose of its further use 
to develop strategies for the tourist sector transi-
tion to CE model [2; 13; 20]. 

Practice of implementing

the circular economy principles in tourism

Analysis of practical activities for the CE 

principles implementation shows that it is carried 
out, as a rule, within the framework of corporate 
social responsibility (CSR) and is aimed at solving 

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individual environmental issues and resources 
saving (energy and water) with use of circular 
technologies in three tourism subsectors: accom-
modation, catering and restaurant business, SPA 
centers. Transport is considered much less fre-
quently in terms of providing tourist mobility. 
Hospitality sector is the most acquisitive of the 
circularity ideas [8]. 

Restaurant industry is focused on reducing 

food waste. The most responsible ones are intro-
ducing individual circular technologies, such as a 
smart trash bin, which allows for waste audits and 
procurement optimization. For example, the Mos-
cow Circular project, which includes the software 
development that allows you to shoot and me-
morize waste for the purpose of further analysis. 
The software costs $300-600. For 95% of those 
who implemented it, these investments return 
during the first year from 2 to 10 times. The pro-
gram helps reduce waste by 45% and reduce the 
cost of food procurement by 8% [7]. 

There are examples of intersectoral circular 

connections, mainly with agricultural enterprises 
and individual farmers. For example, a green re-
cycled organics program implemented in the 
Netherlands involves restaurants collecting cof-
fee grounds and donating them to farmers for use 
as organic fertilizer in growing oyster mushrooms 
and returning the waste back to the restaurant in 
the form of another product – mushrooms [11].

Similar models, such as the “0 km menu", a 

self-sufficient hotel business model (own food 
production), etc. are aimed at reducing food 
waste and optimizing logistics. Meanwhile, cater-
ing in hotels and restaurant consume significant 
volumes of water, energy, washing and cleaning 
products, complex, energy-intensive equipment, 
textiles, and tableware, which remain outside the 
circular processes, except plastic tableware.

Case studies of the CE principles applied in 

the accommodation sector show that hotel poli-
cies are focused on the classic 3Rs CE framework –

11 It should be noted that the conceptual set of principles – the R - framework differs from publication to publication and 

over time, which is explained by the interdisciplinary nature of the CE concept, a large number of scientists – representa-
tives of different scientific fields and schools participating in its development, knowledge expansion and broadening, new 
technological capabilities emergence.

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle – the first of which is 
implemented in activities to reduce energy and 
water consumption, waste generation and the use 
of single-use plastics [10]. Reuse is associated with 
renewable energy sources. In large hotels – with 
greywater use and heat recovery. Recycling con-
cerns separate collection and sorting of waste ge-
nerated in hotels – paper, glass, waste oil, plastics, 
etc. – for further transfer to special organizations.

All the abovementioned technologies are 

currently basic and, with some exceptions, not very 
innovative. They are consistent with CE, but think-
ing solely in terms of reduction means that oppor-
tunities for sustainable and circular design that are 
more in line with the CE principles are missed. In 
addition, basic framework implementation is usu-
ally carried out within a company and does not lead 
to closed circular chains of interactions with other 
participants in the value creation process. 

The most promising from the point of view 

of the transition to the CT model seems to be the 
expansion of the standard 3R framework by in-
cluding Rethink (product life cycle and raw mate-
rials use rethinking ), Redesign or Eco-design (re-
design, which is understood as the development 
of next generation products that would use com-
ponents, materials and resources extracted from 
the previous life cycle – cascade circular business 
models (CCBM), and the creation of products ini-
tially intended for repeated diversified use in an 
extensive system of life cycles), as well as Refuse11

(refusal of unnecessary consumption) and inclu-
sion of creative economy entities in value chains 
in order to increase innovation and differentiate 
the ways of resources and products use. 

Hotel life cycle rethinking involves more 

than simply offering guests easily recyclable and 
reusable products and services that reduce hotel 
operating costs by extending their lifespan and 
providing alternative use. Since CE is an economy 
based on the targeted production of goods that 
have the potential for recycling and repeated